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PAPER II: NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Beginning of nuclear sciences:
α,β,γ- radiations; Transformation Hypothesis, Radioactive Decay Law, Radioactive Equilibrium, Natural Radioactive elements, Artificial radioactive elements.

Nuclear properties:
Discovery of the nucleus, Nomenclature and classification of nuclides, Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isomers, Nuclear properties, Nuclear mass and binding energy, Nuclear radius and density, Nuclear force, Nuclear potential, Quantum numbers and nuclear spin, Parity, Magnetic moments, Quadruple moments, Statistics, Nuclear stability, Separation energy of the last nucleon

Nuclear models:
Liquid drop model, Semi-empirical mass formula, Applications of the semi-empirical mass formula, Nuclear shell model, Shell model potential, Shell model states, Spin-orbit interaction, Ground states of Nuclei, Nuclear spin, Nuclear isomerism,

Radioactivity:
α-decay, β-decay ,γ- decay, kinetics of radioactivity decay, half life, Statistical aspects of radioactivity, Growth of radioactive products, Radioactivity equilibria, Nuclear Decay Processes

Interaction of radiation with matter:
Stopping power, range, Absorption, Attenuation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Pair production, Neutrons

Radiation Detectors:
Gas filled detectors, Ionization, proportional & GM counters; Scintillation detectors, Semi-conductor detectors, Ge(Li) and Si (Li), Features of detectors: counting curves, plateaus, energy resolution, dead time and detector efficiency, Fundamentals of nuclear electronics, pulse height analyzer

Nuclear reactions:
Notation, conservation, energetics of nuclear reactions, reaction cross section, angular momentum, types of reactions,

Nuclear fission and reactors:
Fission process, energy liberation in fission, fission cross section, mass distribution, basic features of a nuclear reactor, materials on nuclear reactors, research reactors, power reactors, conversion and breeding

Particle accelerators:
Cockroft Walton accelerator, Van de graph generator, Tandem accelerators, Pelletron accelerators, Linear accelerators, Cyclotron
Radio analytical techniques and applications:
Tracers, Neutron activation analysis (NAA), Sensitivity and detection limit, standardization methods in NAA, advantages and limitation of NAA, X-ray fluorescence and applications, PIXE

Applications of radioisotopes:
Applications in: agriculture, industry, health care and biology


RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

The Atomic Nucleus by R.D.Ewans, TMH, 1978
Nuclear Physics by I.Kaplan, Addision Wesley, 1963
Source book on atomic energy by S.Glasstone, Affiliated East West Press Pvt Ltd., 1967
Radiation detection and measurement by G.F.Knoll, Johen Wiley & Sons, 1979

PAPER: SOLID STATE PHYSICS (MATERIAL SCIENCE)


Structure of solids:
Crystal structure, lattice planes and directions, defects in solids, point line and plane defects,

Preparation of materials:
Mechanism of crystal growth, growth for melt and non-melt techniques, thin films, non-crystalline materials, amorphous semi conductors, plastic materials

Determination of structure:
X-ray diffraction, the Laue technique, applications of XRD, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, structure of amorphous materials.

Mechanical and thermal properties of materials:
Elastic behaviour, plastic behaviour, fracture, creep, heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermoelectricity, Seebeck effect, Thompson effect, Peltier effect

Electrical and magnetic properties of materials:
Metals, semiconductors, transition metal compounds, magnetic semi conductors, Dia, para and ferro magnetism, magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction , ferromagnetic domains, applications of ferro magnetic materials, magnetic ceramics, applications of ferri magnetic materials

Dielectrics:
Microscopic description of the static dielectric constant, the static electronic and ionic prolarisabilities of molecules, orientational polarization, the static dielectric constants of gases, the internal field according to Lorentz, the static dielectric constant of solids, the complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses and relaxation time.

Optical properties of materials:
Refractive index, birefringence, dispersion; absorption, ionic materials, semiconductors, metals, colour centres, double refraction, induced birefringence, photoelectric emission, photoconductivity, photoluminescence, lasers, solid state, gas and semi conductors