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Engineering, Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET) is conducted by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada on behalf of APSCHE for admission in various professional courses offered in University/ Private Colleges in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

EAMCET Exam Botany Study Material

Syllabus-

I) INTRODUCTION:-

1.1 Origin, development and scope of Botany
1.2. Classification of plant kingdom
1.3. Branches of Botany: Morphology, Cytology, Embryology, Palynology, Taxonomy, Physiology, Ecology, Palaeobotany, Genetics, Phytogeography, Phycology, Mycology, Lichenology, Bryology, Pteriodology, Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology
1.4. Parts of angiospermic plant

II) EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY:

a) Vegetative morphology:

2.1) Root: Root system; Types, Functions, Modification of roots (Velamen roots, Photosynthetic roots, Respiratory roots, Parasitic roots, Storage roots and nodular roots).
2.2) Stem: characteristics and functions of the stem; Modifications of stem: Aerial: Tendril, Thorn, Hook, Phylloclade, Tuberous stem and Bulbil; Sub-aerial: Runner, Stolon, Sucker & Offset, Underground: Rhizome, Corm, Stem tuber & Bulb
2.3) Leaf: Parts of Leaf, Types and Functions of leaves,Venation, Phyllotaxy, Leaf modifications: - tendrils, spines, scale leaves, phyllode, reproductive & trap leaves. b) Reproductive morphology:
2.4) Inflorescence: Introduction, Types of Inflorescence - Racemose, Cymose and Special Types 2.5) Flower: Parts of a typical flower: Structure, Sex distribution and symmetry of flower, position of gynoecium. Detailed description of flower: Perianth, Calyx, Corolla, aestivation, Androecium – Parts, fixation and dehiscence of anther, length of stamens, union of stamens, Gynoecium – number of carpels, fusion of carples, ovary – number of locules , placentation, types of styles, stigma.

III) REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS:-

3.1) Introduction – Sporophytic and Gametophytic stages
3.2) Structure of Anther; Microsporogenesis, Structure of a pollen grain and development of male gametophyte
3.3) Ovule – Structure and Types; megasporogenesis - development and structure of embryosac
3.4) Pollination: Types of pollination, self and cross-pollination, contrivances for cross pollination and self pollination, agents of cross pollination.
3.5) Fertilization – Process, Post - fertilization changes; Seed structure (Dicot & Monocot) and seed germination (epigeal, hypogeal & vivipary)
3.6) Fruits: Classification; False fruits and true fruits - Simple fruits (fleshy fruits – berry, pome, pepo, hesperidium,drupe; Dry fruits – dehiscent- legume, septicidal c apsule, septifragal capsule, loculicidal capsule; Indehiscent fruits – caryopsis, cypsela, nut; schizocarpic – lomentum, schizocarp); Aggregate and Multiple fruits

IV) PLANT TAXONOMY:

4.1) Introduction – Alpha and Omega taxonomy; Aspects of taxonomy – Identification – Flora, herbaria,botanical gardens (RBG – Kew, IBG – Kolkata, NBG – Lucknow); Nomenclature, Classification – Types, Units and a brief account of Bentham & Hooker’s system. Study of the following families:
4.2) Malvaceae
4.3) Fabaceae
4.4) Solanaceae
4.5) Liliaceae

V) CELL BIOLOGY:

5.1) Introduction, Techniques of Cell Biology – microscopy (light, electron, fluorescent, phase contrast, SEM, TEM – only uses), Separation techniques (centrifugation, electrophoresis)
5.2) Ultrastructure of plant cell (Eukaryotic cell - Structure of cell wall and cell membrane, Protoplasm, cytoplasm, Plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, vacuoles and Nucleus).
5.3) Chromosomes - Introduction, structure (light microscopic study), classification, functions and nucleosome model
5.4)Nucleic acids
5.5) Cell Division : Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

VI) INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS:

6.1) Tissues – Types (Meristematic and Permanent )structure and functions.
6.2) Internal structure of Dicot root (Primary) and Monocot root.
6.3) Internal structure of Dicot stem (Primary) and Monocotstem.
6.4) Internal structure of leaf (Dicot and Monocot) 6.5) Secondary growth in dicot stem.

VII) PLANT ECOLOGY:

7.1) Introduction
7.2) Plant communities – Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes; Ecological adaptations (Morphological & Anatomical) of Hydrophytes and Xerophytes.

VIII) GENETICS:-

8.1) Introduction
8.2) Mendel’s Principles – Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross, Back cross and Test cross, Concept of probability inrelation to Genetics.
8.3) Linkage and crossing over.
8.4) Mutations.

IX. PLANT KINGDOM:

9.1) Introduction
9.2) Spirogyra – distribution and habitat, thallus structure, cell structure, reproduction– vegetative, asexual, sexual, life cycle
9.3) Rhizopus – distribution and habitat, structure of mycelium and hypha, reproduction – vegetative, asexual, sexual, life cycle,sexuality in Rhizopus.
9.4) Funaria: distribution and habitat, external morphology of the gametophore, anatomy of the stem, reproduction – vegetative and sexual, sporophyte, protonema, life cycle.
9.5) Pteris: distribution and habitat, Morphology of the sporophyte, anatomy of the Rhizome, vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction, Embryo, life cycle.
9.6) Cycas: distribution and habitat, Morphology of the sporophyte, anatomy of the coralloid root and leaflet, Reproduction, Embryo, Seed, life cycle.

X. MICROBIOLOGY:-

10.1) Introduction and importance of microbiology.
10.2) Bacteria – Discovery, Distribution, sizes, shapes, Gram staining (in brief), structure of cell, nutrition, reproduction–asexual (binary fission), sexual – Conjugation (F+ and F-only), transformation and transduction (only definition, discoverer and example for transformation and transduction), economic importance– beneficial (Agriculture, Industry, Medicine, Biotechnology), harmful (spoilage of food, plants, human and animal diseases).
10.3) Viruses – historical account, types, structure (TMV and T4 details), general account of sizes, shapes, replication (Lytic and Lysogenic cycles). Plant diseases caused by viruses, transmission of viruses and control of viral diseases.

XI. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY :

11.1) Introduction A. WATER RELATIONS OF PLANTS:
11.2) Absorption of water – Introduction, soil water, water potential, Diffusion, Imbibition, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Mechanism of absorption of water.
11.3) Ascent of Sap: Definition, Cohesion – Tension theory
11.4) Transpiration : Definition, SPAC and types of transpiration, mechanism of stomatal movement, factors, significance, Antitranspirants.

B. NUTRITION IN PLANTS

11.5) Introduction, types of nutrition (symbiosis, parasitism, chemotrophism, a utotrophism)’
11.6) Mineral nutrition – Introduction, soil as source, criteria of essentiality, importance of macro and micro elements, ion absorption – passive and active (carrier concept), Biofertilizers

C. METABOLISM:-

11.7) Enzymes – introduction, properties, IUB classification, mechanism of enzyme action (lock & key theory),enzyme inhibition

11.8) Photosynthesis - Definition, pigments, structural organization of chloroplast, Mechanism of Photosynthesis – Light reactions - Hill reaction, Emerson’s Enhancement Effect, PSI and PSII, electron transport and proton translocation, photophosphorylation, Carbon assimilation -C3 , C4 pathways, Factors, Photorespiration, Blackman’s law.

11.9) Respiration – definition, Types, Mechanism of 2 aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Alcoholic fermen tation, Respiratory quotient (R.Q).

11.10) Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Biological nitrogen fixation (Symbiotic, Non- symb iotic); Genetic code, Biosynthesis of Proteins.

11.11) Plant growth & its regulators:- Growth curve; introduction to growth regulators, physiological effects and applications-Auxins, Gibber ellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene; Photoperiodism and Vernalization.

XII. PLANTS AND HUMAN WELFARE:-

12.1) Crop improvement – Introduction , aims and ob jectives of plant breeding; methods – definition, methodology, advantages and achievements of Introduction, Selection (Mass, Pureline, Clonal), Hybridization, Heterosis, Mutation breeding and Polyploidy breeding. Biotechnology:
12.2) Introduction, Definition, Scope and applications of Biotechnology
12.3) Genetic Engineering - Recombinant DNA Technology, Genetically Modified Crops, Transgenic plants, Biosafety issues, applications of Genetic Engineering
12.4) Tissue Culture –techniques and Applications.
12.5) Single cell protein 12.6) Mushroom Cultivation: Morphology and types of mushrooms; Food value; cultivation of white button mushrooms.

Question paper-

1. One of the following method of reproduction is slow-
1) Vegetative 2) Asexual 3) Sexual 4) 2, 3

2. The significance of reproduction is-
1) Spreading to larger areas 2) Variations
3) Evolution 4) Continuity of species

3. Read the following statements and find out incorrect one-
1) Reproduction always involves 2 plants or parents
2) Reproduction always involves gametic union
3) Reproduction always requires for the union of gamets
4) All are correct

4. Asexual reproduction is common in the following-
1) Organisms with complex organisation
2) Organisms must contain vascular tissues
3) Organisms with simple organisation
4) Highly advanced plants

5. Gamets are not involved in-
1) Sexual reproduction 2) Asexual and vegetative reproduction
3) Budding 4) Sexual and Vegetative

6. The method of reproduction depends on
1) Habitat of the organism 2) Physiology of organism
3) 1 & 2 4) Size of the organisms

7. One of the following is an ephimeral-
1) Wolffia 2) Palm 3) Banana 4) Pinus

8. Offspring exactly resembles gentically and morphologically in asexual or vegetative
reproduction because-
1) It involves only one parent
2) It involves the union between gamets
3) It involves mitosis only
4) It involves meiosis followed by mitosis

9. Clones are formed as a result of-
1) Sexual reproduction 2) Asexual reproduction
3) Vegetative reproduction 4) 2, 3

10. Assertion (A): Vegetative propagules form clones.
Reason (R): They do not show meiosis.
1) A & R are correct. R explains A.
2) A & R are correct. R do not explains A.
3) A is correct. R is false.
4) A is false. R is correct.

11. Spore formation is exogenous-
1) Rhizopus 2) Pencillium 3) Mucor 4) 1, 3

12. Arrange the following plants in ascending order basing on their span of life-
A) Banana B) Pinus C) Wolffia
D) Carrot E) Rose F) Rice
1) D F C E A B 2) C D A F B E 3) C F D A E B 4) D C F A E B

13. Differentiate a spore from zygote-
1) Former undergoes mitosis, later shows either mitosis or meisosis
2) Later undergoes mitosis only, former undergoes mitosis
3) Former undergoes meiosis and the later undergoes mitosis
4) Former and later undergo meiosis

14. The benefit of formation of spores is-
1) These are unicellular and can produce a daughter haploid plant
2) It can produce a new plant
3) These are adopted for dispersal and survive for extended periods of time in unfavourable conditions
4) They have short life span

15. Gametogenesis means
1) Formation of gamets from their precursor cells
2) Union between 2 gamets
3) Union between male gamet and egg cell
4) Formation of gamets from sporophyte

16. Assertion (A): vegetative is also a type of asexual reproduction.
Reason (R): Vegetative reproction do not involves gametic union.
1) A & R are correct. R explains A.
2) A & R are correct. R do not explains A.
3) A is correct. R is false.
4) A is false. R is correct.

17. Formation of seeds without fertisations is called-
1) Apogamy 2) Apomixis 3) Apospory 4) Parthenocarpy

18. Formation of fruit without fertilisation from the ovary is called-
1) Apospory 2) Apogamy 3) Parthenocarpy 4) Apomixis

19. Parthenocarpy do not requires-
1) Pollination 2) Microsporogenesis
3) Megasporogenesis 4) All

20. Apomixis is-
A) Mimics sexual reproduction B) A kind of asexual reproduction
C) A kind of hybridisation D) A kind of vegetative reproduction
1) A B 2) ABC 3) ABCD 4) BC

21. Citrus shows-
1) Polygamous 2) Polyembryony
3) Parthenocarpy 4) Apomixis

22. Match the following
I. Parthenocarpy A) Formation of seed without fertilistion
II. Polyembryony B) Development of embryo
III. Apomixis C) Fruit is formed without fertilisation
IV. Embryogeny D) Formation of embryo from nucellar tissue
I II III IV I II III IV
1) C D B A 2) A C D B
3) C D A B 4) D A B C

23. in citrus or Mango additional embryos are formed in the-
1) nucellus 2) embroyosac 3) Fruit 4) Seed

24. Mango shows
A) True embryo in the embryosac
B) Many embryos in nucellus
C) Many embryos in embrysoac along with true embryo
D) Many embryos in the fruit
1) A only 2) A B 3) A C 4) B C D

25. Match the following
I. Grape A) Apomixis
II. Mango B) Parthenocarpic
III. Asteraceae C) Polyembryony
IV. Banana D) Plants bear tendrils
I II III IV I II III IV
1) C B D A 2) D A C B
3) B A C D 4) D C A B

Answers:

1-3; 2-4; 3-4; 4-3; 5-2; 6-2; 7-1; 8-3; 9-4; 10-1; 11-2; 12-3; 13-1; 14-3; 15-1; 16-1;
17-2; 18-3; 19-4; 20-1; 21-2; 22-3; 23-2; 24-3; 25-4.