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Circuit Breaker

An electric train is almost always provided with some sort of circuit breaker to
isolate the power supply when there is a fault, or for maintenance. On AC
systems they are usually on the roof near the pantograph. There are of two
types - the air blast circuit breaker and the vacuum circuit breaker or VCB.
The air or vacuum part is used to extinguish the arc which occurs as the two
tips of the circuit breaker are opened. The VCB is popular in the UK and the
air blast circuit breaker is more often seen on the continent of Europe.

Contactor

Similar to a relay in that it is a remotely operated switch used to control a
higher power local circuit. The difference is that contactors normally latch or
lock closed and have to be opened by a separate action. A lighting contactor
will have two, low voltage operating coils, one to "set" the contactor closed to
switch on the lights; the other to "trip" off the lights.

Converter

Generic term for any solid state electronic system for converting alternating
current to direct current or vice versa. Where an AC supply has to be
converted to DC it is called a rectifier and where DC is converted to AC it is
called an inverter. The word originated in the US but is now common
elsewhere.

Cooling Fans

To keep the thyristors and other electronic power systems cool, the interior of
a modern locomotive is equipped with an air management system,
electronically controlled to keep all systems operating at the correct
temperature. The fans are powered by an auxiliary inverter producing 3-
phase AC at about 400 volts.

Creep Control

A form of electronically monitored acceleration control used very effectively
on some modern drive systems which permits a certain degree of wheel slip
to develop under maximum power application. The GM Class 59 diesel-
electric locomotive built for the UK has this system. A locomotive can develop
maximum slow speed tractive effort if its wheels are turning between 5% and
15% faster than actually required by the train speed.

DC Link Filter

Used on modern electronic power systems between the single phase rectifier
and the 3-phase inverter. It is easier to convert the single phase AC from the
overhead line to the 3-phase required for the motors by rectifying it to DC
and then inverting the DC to 3-phase AC.

Dynamic Braking

A train braking system using the traction motors of the power vehicle(s) to
act as generators which provide the braking effort.

The power generated during braking is dissipated either as heat through on-
board resistors (rheostatic braking) or by return to the traction supply line
(regenerative braking). Most regenerative systems include on board resistors
to allow rheostatic braking if the traction supply system is not receptive.

The choice is automatically selected by the traction control system. .

Grid

Train or locomotive mounted expanded steel resistor used to absorb excess
electrical energy during motor or braking power control. Often seen on the
roofs of diesel electric locomotives where they are used to dissipate heat
during dynamic braking.