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UNIT I
BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY & BIO-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. Coordination Compounds:
Tansition metals,properties (Colour, Oxidation states,Magnetic Properties).
Coordinate bond,double and complex salts – differences with examples. Postulates of Werner’s
theory. Type of ligands, uni,bi and polydenate with examples. Coordination number.
Porphyrin nucleus and classification. Important metallo porphyrins occurring in naturestructure
and their biological importance (Hb,cytochrome,chlorophyll,Vit-B12).Bile pigments
chemical nature and their role.

2. Radiochemistry:
Natural and artificial radioactivity. Characteristics of radioactive elements, units of
radioactivity, disintegration constant,half life,alpha,beta and gamma radiations.Detection of
radioactivity by GM counter. Application of radioisotopes – 3H,
14 C, 131I,60CO,32 P. Biological effect of radioactivity. Safety measurements in handling radio
isotopes.

3. Nitrogen:
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen – symbiotic and non – symbiotic. Nitrogen cycle,
environmental pollution by nitrogen compounds.

4. Phosphors:
Importance of phosphorus compounds in biological system, phosphorus cycle.

5. Oxygen:
Formation of Ozone in atmosphere. Role of ozone in maintenance of life on earth. Effects
of environmental pollutantson ozone layer.

6. Sulphur and Selenium:
Importance of compounds of sulphur and selenium in biological system. Effect of sulphur
compounds on environmental pollution.
7. Biochemistry Toxicology:
Toxicity of Lead,Mercury,Cadmium and Arsenic.

BIO-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1.Concentration Units:
Avagadro’s number, Mole, Mole fraction, Molarity, Equivalent weight, Normality,
Molality (Problems to be worked out)

2. Collegative properties:
Osmotic pressure and its measurement by Berkely-Hartley method. Laws of osmotic pressure,
Hypo, Hyper and iostomic solution. effect of osmotic pressure on living cells. Donnan
membrane equilibrium. Relative lowering of vapour pressure, Roult’s law. Elevation of boiling
point, depression of freezing point and their application in determination of molecular weight.
Abnormal molecular weight, Van’t Hoff’s factor. Degree of association and dissociation.

3. Adsorption:
Freundlich’s and Langmuirs adsorption isotherm. Application of adsorption.

4. Viscosity:
Definition, determination of viscosity of liquids and solutions by Ostwald’s
viscometer(solutions of gum and protein to be taken as examples).

5. Distribution Law:
Distribution law, partition coefficient applications of distribution law.

6. Acid, bases, and buffers:
Lewis concept of acids and bases. Ionic product of water. PH scale, buffers, Henderson-
Hasselbach equation, buffer capacity. Preparation of acid and basic buffer solution. Theory of
acid base indicators. Choice of indicators. pH titration curve and isoelectric PH aminoacids.

7. Electrochemistry:
Specific,equivalent and molar conductance . Reference electrodes(hydrogen electrode and
calomel electrode). quinhydrone electrode.glass electrode determination of equivalent
conductance of a strong electrolyte. conductrometric titration( strong acid against strong
base,weak acid(amino acid)against NaOH) determination of pKa values of weak acids by
potentiometric titration.Determination of pH of a buffer by potentiometric method using
quinhydrone electrode.

8. Photochemistry:
Law of photochemistry, Quantum efficiency, light absorption, Beer-Lamberts law,
spectrophotometer, colorimeter. Fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescencs,
bioluminescence(Elementary treatment). Applications of UV-chemiluminescence spectra.
Principle of IR spectra and its applications.

UNIT II
BIO-ORGANIC- I
1.Introduction to Organic chemistry:
Classification of organic compound, Unique characteristics. IUPAC nomenclature of organic
compounds(including bifunctional).

2. Investigation of organic compounds:
Detection and quantitative estimation of element – nitrogen (estimation by Kjeldhl’s methods),
sulphur,phosphorus and halogens (problems to be solved).

3. Reaction Mechanism:
Concept of inductive effects and resonance. Classification of organic reactions.(substitution
addition, elimination and rearrangement),with one example for each. Concepts of the following –
carbocations,free radicals, carbenes, nucleophiles and electrophiles.

4. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Dienes – types with examples, 1’3 butadiene, preparation (any one method), stability,
mechanism of addition of HBr, Diels – Alder reaction. Mechanism of Markownikoff and anti
Markownikoff addition of HBr to propane. Conformational analysis of ethane.

5. Cycloalkanes:
Reactivities and relative stabilities. Bayer’s strain theory. Sactise- Mohr theory.Boat and chair
forms of cycloalkanes . Axial and equatorial bonds.

6. ARENES
Structure of Benzene-by Resonance and Molecular Orbital Theories. Aromaticity. Mechanism
of Nitration and Friedel craft reaction. Electronic interpretation of the orientating influence of
substituents in the electrophilic substitution of toulelne, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, and phenol
Polynuclear hydrocarbons - Resonance structure of Naphthalene, Anthracene, Phenanthrene
and Diphenyl. Reaction-oxidation and nitration of sulphonation of naphthalene and oxidation of
Anthracene.

7. ALKYL HALIDES and Organ metallic Compounds
SN1 and SN2 reaction mechanism with one example each. Concept of elimination reaction
example – n butyl chloride. Application of organometallic compounds-organo lead,organo
lithium, cisplatin.

8. ALCOHOL
Classification. Monohydric alcohols – distingueishing reaction of 1o, 2 o and 3 o alcohol.
Dihydric alcohol – Glycol, preparation (any 2 method) and uses.
Trihydric alcohol- Glycerol, synthesis from propane, properties (reaction with concentrated
H2SO4, HNO3, Oxalic and HI
Ethanols – Acidity of phenols, effects of substation on acidity

9. STEREOCHEMISTRY
Stereoisomerism, types, Fischer-projection formulae, asymmetric carbon atom, molecular
dissymmetry, chirality, optical isomerism example: Glyceraldehydes, Lactic acid and Tartaric
acid. Nomenclature of enantiomers.D and L system, R and S system, Racemisation and
resolution.

UNIT III
BIOORGANIC II
1. HYDROXY ACID AND DICARBOXYLIC ACID
Structure and properties of :
a) Hydroxyl acids: Lactic acid, citric acid and isocitric acid
b) Dicarboxylic acid: Maleic and fumeric acid
c) Keto acids: Pyruvic,α-ketoglutaric , oxalo-acetic acid

2. AMINES
Classification, properties, amino functional group- Basicity of amines, acylation. Reaction with
HNO2 and Schiff’s base formation. Distinguishing reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.

3. HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Occurrence, structural formula and importance of Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyran,
Thiazole, Pyrimidine, Purine, Indole, Imidazole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.

4. TERPENES
Isoprene rule, classification, structure, occurance and importance of
a) Mono terpenes - Limonene, Menthol and Camphor
b) Sesqui terpenes - Santonin, Juvenile Hormone-I and Absciscin -II
c) Di terpenes - Phytol
d) Triterpenes - Lanosterol
e) Tetra terpenes - Lycopine
f) Poly terpenes – Dolichols

5. STERIODS
Basic ring system in steroid. Structure and biological importance of Cholesterol, Ergosterol, Bile
Acids (Mono, Di, and Tricholic acid) and Ecdysone.

6. ALKALOIDS
Definition, classification based on their biological functions with example. Structure and
physiological action of LSD, Morphin, Nicotine, Atropine and Aristolochic Acid.

7. VITAMINS
Classification, water soluble and fat soluble. Structural formula and coenzyme forms of Vitamin
B1, B2, B6 and Niacin. Vitamin C as a redox reagent, properties and chemical synthesis.
Structural formula of vitamin A,D,E and K.

UNIT IV
BIOMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates-Classification, Biological importance
Monosaccharides: Configuration, relationship of D-Aldoses. General properties of Aldoses and
Ketoses-oxidation, reduction, reducing property,formation of gycolipides, acylation,
methylation, condensation-phenyl hydrazine, addition-HCN. Iterconversion of Aldoses and
ketoses by chemical method. Ascending and descending the series by chemical methods.
Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides, (+) and(-),D and L, Epimers, Anomers and
Diasterioisomers.

Glucose: Elucidation of open chain structure and ring structure of glucose. Conformation of
glucose(only structure).Mutarotation. Structure of Galactose, mannose, ribose and fructose.

Structure and biological importance of amino sugars, deoxy sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar
acids,neuraminic and muramic acid.
Disaccharides: Establishment of structure of sucrose and lactose. Biological importance and
structure of isomaltose, trehalose and maltose.

Polysaccharides: Partial structure, occurrence and importance of starch, glycogen, insulin,
cellulose, chitin and pectin.

Glycosaminoglycans: Occurrence, importance and structure of the repeating units of heparin,
hyaluronic acid, teichoic acid and choritin sulphate. Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides,
peptidoglycans.
Qualitative tests: Molish, Benedict’s, Fehling’s, picric acid, Barfoed’s, Bial’s, Selivanoff’s,
osazone tests.

AMINO ACIDS:
Structure and classification of amino acids based on polarity. Reactions of the amino groups
with HNO2, LiALH4. Ninhydrin, phenyl isothio cyanate, DANSYL chloride, flurodinitro
benzene, Zwitterionic properties, pKa values. Reaction of carboxy group hydrazine. Any
method for the chemical synthesis of amino acids. D and L notation.
Peptides:

Peptide bond, structure and biological importance of Glutothione, Valinomycin, Leuenkaphelin,

synthetic peptides-poly glutamic acid, polylysine. Chemical synthesis of dipeptides.
Proteins:

Isolation, methods of purification-dialysis salting out, pH precipitation and solvent
precipitation.

Classification of proteins based on solubility, structure and function with examples,
colour reactions of proteins-Biuret, Xanthoproteic, Million’s.
Primary structure of proteins, methods of determining N- and C- terminal amino acids,
amino acid composition, sequencing by Edman’s degradation method.
Secondary structure- α-Helix, β-sheet, β-bend. Tertiary and quaternary structure. 3 D
structure of Hemoglobin, Denaturation and renaturation of proteins. Anfinsen’s experiment.

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Mysore University, Mysore, Karnataka 570005, India
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