The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is a public engineering institution located in Powai, Mumbai, India. It is the second-oldest (after Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur) institute of the Indian Institutes of Technology system. IIT Bombay was established in 1958.

M.Tech Petroleum Geoscience

The Department of Earth Sciences at IIT Bombay is launching a new academic programme leading to M.Tech. Petroleum Geoscience.

Admission-

Eligibility: M.Sc. (Geology / Applied Geology / Geophysics / Applied Geophysics) and valid GATE score.

Fellowships: 8 TAs as per Institute norm and 2 fellowships will be provided by the BG.

Syllabus-


GS 662 Petroliferous Basins of India 3 0 0 6
Types of petroliferous basins, relations between basin type and hydrocarbon richness; classification of petroliferous basins of India; Detailed study of stratigraphy, structure and petroleum geology of Assam shelf, Cambay and Bombay offshore basins; Potential source rocks, reservoir rocks and exploration targets of Krishna-Godavari, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Bengal, Kutch, Saurashtra and Rajasthan Basins; Curent status of exploration and prospects in Indo-Gangetic plains, Kashmir valley and Vindhyan Basins

Texts/References
Bhandari, L.L., Venkatachala, B.S., Kumar, R., Swamy, S.N., Garga, P. and Srivastava, D.C. (Eds.) Petroliferous Basins of India, Petroleum Asia Journal, Himachal Times Group, 1983
Biswas, S.K., Dave, A., Garg, P., Pandey, J., Maithani, A. and Thomas, N.J. (Eds.). Proceedings of 2nd Seminar on Petroliferous Basins of India, Dehra Dun, Dec.18-20, 1991, Vol. 1 & 2, Indian Petroleum Publishers, Dehra Dun, 1993.
Biswas, S.K., Dave, A., Garg, P., Pandey, J., Maithani, A. and Thomas, N.J. (Eds.). Proceedings of 2nd Seminar on Petroleum basins of India, Dehra Dun, Dec. 18-20, 1991, Vol.3, Indian Petroleum Publishers, Dehra Dun, 1994.
Singh, L. Oil and Gas Field of India, Indian Petroleum Publishers, Dehra Dun, 2000.

GS 672 Reservoir Sedimentology 3 0 0 6
Facies diagnosis and facies models of carbonates, classification of carbonate rocks; standard microfacies types; carbonate diagenesis; porosity evolution and diagenesis in sequence stratigraphic framework; pore geometry and performance of reservoir rocks; relationship of depositional environments with the development of reservoirs.
Properties of sandstone, environment of deposition of sandstone; sandstone classification, porosity evolution in course of sandstone diagenesis; characteristic reservoir morphology and criteria for recognition of eolian, fluvial, coastal, deltaic, shelf and basin sandstone bodies; reservoir heterogeneity; petrophysical analysis using logs; reservoir sedimentology of Indian petroliferous basins.

Texts/References
Berg, R.R. Reservoir Sandstones, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1986.
Moore, C. H. Carbonate Reservoirs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.
Barwis, J.H. Sandstone Petroleum Reservoir, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
Zimmerle, W. Petroleum Sedimentology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995.

GS 675 Petroleum Exploration 3 0 0 6
Origin and composition of petroleum and natural gas, source rocks, reservoir rocks and traps. Migration and accumulation of oil and gas.
Types of petroliferous basins and their relation to hydrocarbon potential.
Geographic and stratigraphic distributions of oil and gas. Methods and techniques for petroleum exploration, Surface indications and direct detection of hydrocarbons.
Sub-surface geological methods and brief idea about geologic interpretations of seismic data. Drilling methods, drilling equipments, drilling fluids, well-logs.
Estimation of reserves and resources. Petroleum economics, production and development geology.
Texts/References
Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, 2nd Edition, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
North, F.K. Petroleum Geology, Allen & Unwin, London, 1985.
Hunt, J.M. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman, San Fransisco, 1996.
Sahay, B., Rai, A. and Ghosh, M. Wellsite Geological Techniques for Petroleum Exploration, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1984.
Selley, R.C. Elements of Petroleum Geology, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, 1997.

GS 676 Well logging 3 0 0 6
Well logging and geology, Formation evaluation, Archie’s formulae, Well drilling technology, Drilling fluids, Borehole environment, Invasion profiles, Principles, methods and application of logging tools including Spontaneous polarization, Resistivity, Microresistivity, Induction, Sonic, Density, Litho-density, Neutron, Pulsed neutron, Natural Gamma ray, Gamma ray spectrometry, Cement bond, Variable density, Caliper, Dipmeter, Formation microscanner and imager.
Well log interpretation - quick look techniques, Hingle, Pickett, MID, M-N cross plots, saturation estimation, lithology, porosity and permeability determination, Log interpretation case studies.

Texts/References
Serra, O. Well Logging and Geology, Editions Technip, Paris, 2003.
Schlumberger Manual Log Interpretation Principles/Applications, Vol. 1 & 2, Schlumberger Education Services, New York, 1989.
Serra, O. Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation, Vol.1 and 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.
Asquith, G. and Gibson, C. Basic Well Log Analysis for Geologists, Academic Press, London, 1982.
Bateman, R.M., Open Hole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985.
Rider, M.H. The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs, Blackie, London, 1985.

GS 677 Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS 3 0 0 6
Fundamentals of remote sensing, digital image data formats, image rectification and restoration techniques – geometric correction, radiometric correction and noise suppression, image histograms, density slicing, image enhancement techniques – contrast manipulation, spatial filtering and edge enhancement, multi-image manipulations – spectral ratioing, vegetation indices, principal components analysis, multi-spectral image classification involving supervised and unsupervised algorithms, Recent developments and applications.
Fundamentals of GIS, vector, raster and attribute data models, vector and raster data structure, spatial data input and editing, visualization and query of spatial data, spatial data transformations, spatial analysis, case studies of geological applications, current issues and trends in GIS. Principles of global positioning systems (GPS) and its applications.

Texts/References
Jensen, J.R. Introductory Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.
Gupta, R.P. Remote Sensing Geology, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2002.
Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000.
Benhardsen, T. Geographic Information Systems: an Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
Bonham-Carter, G.F. Geographic Information System for Geoscientists Modelling with GIS, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1994.

GS 679 Basin Analysis and Applied Micropalaeontology 3 0 0 6
Basin classification and their characteristics; tectonic framework of basins and their architecture; economic significance of basin analysis; facies concept, process-response models and interpretation of sedimentary environments; carbonate and clastic facies models; seismic facies and stratigraphy; well-log facies application in sequence stratigraphy; sequence stratigraphy; stratigraphic correlation; basin mapping – structure and isopach contouring, lithofacies and biofacies maps, preparation of stratigraphic cross- sections and palaeogeographic synthesis; regional and global stratigraphic cycles.
Surface and subsurface sampling methods for micropalaeontological studies; brief description of major microfossil groups used in hydrocarbon exploration; palaeoenvironmental interpretation using microfossils; biostratigraphic classification, dating and correlation of stratigraphic sequences, standard planktonic foraminiferal zones; application of micropalaeontology in sequence stratigraphy; case studies of Indian sedimentary basins.

Texts/References
Miall, A.D. Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
Busby, C.J. and Ingersoll, R.V. Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1995.
Reading, H. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1996.
Haq, B.U. and Boersma, A. Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998.

Seismic Data Processing and Seismic Stratigraphy 3 0 0 6
Theory and geometry of seismic wave propagation, Seismic wave velocities in rocks, Review of marine and land seismic data acquisition techniques; Fundamentals of time series analysis, auto and cross correlation, convolution, sampling theorem and aliasing, filtering, deconvolution; Data enhancement techniques – Noise reduction, traveltime correction, stacking, wavelet processing, frequency filtering, velocity analysis, amplitude correction, migration techniques, Seismic interpretation – typical trap types and their seismic definition, velocity, structural and timing effects; Basic concepts, definitions and objectives of seismic stratigraphy, Stratigraphic patterns in seismic data, Seismic attribute analysis, Seismic sequence analysis - interpretation of depositional environment and lithology, eustatic sea level changes, Seismic Facies analysis- seismic reflection characteristics, simple and complex reflection configuration, Seismic reflection character analysis- amplitude and continuity.

Texts/References
Hardage, B.A. Seismic Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987.
Payton, C.E. Seismic Stratigraphy- Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. Memoir of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 26, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1977.
Sheriff, R.E. and Geldart, L.P. Exploration Seismology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995
Yilmaz, O. Seismic Data Analysis: Processing Inversion and Interpretation of Seismic Data (Vols. 1&2), Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2001.

Petroleum Geochemistry 3 0 0 6
Composition and structure of organic matter, Organic matter accumulation, maturation process, Characterization of hydrocarbon source rocks, Modelling petroleum maturation and migration, Introduction to different biomarkers used in oil exploration, biomarkers and source rock-oil correlation, oil-oil correlation using biomarkers, thermal degradation and biodegradation of crude oil. Introduction to different techniques used in petroleum geochemistry including optical methods applied to source rock study, vitrinite reflectance, elemental composition of kerogen. LECO, Rock Eval Pyrolysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Identification of petroleum systems, application of basin modelling to petroleum exploration, identification and delineation of generative basins.
Texts/References
Bordenave, M.L. (Ed.). Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Editions Technip, Paris, 1993.
Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M. The Biomarker Guide (Vol. 1 & 2), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
Tissot, B.P., Welte, D. H. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Welte, D.H., Horsfield, B., Baker, R. (Eds.). Petroleum and Basin Evolution: Insights from Petroleum Geochemistry, Geology and Basin Modeling, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.

Structural Geology and Subsurface Geological Mapping 3 0 0 6
Brittle and ductile deformation of rocks. Mechanisms of deformation. Folds, faults and fault-fold association. Balanced cross section. Fractured reservoirs. Effects of faulting on reservoirs. Mapping faults and faulted surfaces, Structural style in different tectonic settings. Structures in compressional, extensional and strike-slip terranes, Gravity induced structures. Diapirism. Stratum contour and isopach maps for structural and stratigraphic interpretation of reservoir units.
Texts/References
Coward, M.P., Daltaban, S. and Johnson, H. Structural Geology and Reservoir Characterization, Geological Society of America Publishing House, 1998.
Groshong, R.H. 3-D Structural Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
Tearpock, D.J. and Bischke, R.E. Applied Subsurface Geological Mapping with Structural Methods, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.

Oilwell Drilling Technology 3 0 0 6
Introduction to drilling methods, types of drilling operations, Designing an oil well, Downhole equipment, The drilling rig - its components and functions, rig sizing and selection, Drilling fluids, Wellheads, Casing and cementing operations, Principles of kick control, fishing jobs, The drill stem test (DST). Drilling a well- from top to bottom, Drilling methods and equipment for directional, horizontal and multilateral wells. Prediction of formation pore pressure and stress gradients. Determination of safety mud weight bounds for different in-situ conditions. Types of offshore drilling rigs- bottom founded vs. floating, Special issues for offshore drilling operations- motion compensation, station keeping. Stresses around a borehole, hole stability. Drilling in overpressured regimes, Drilling in depleted zones, underbalanced drilling. Waste disposal and environmental factors in drilling.
Texts/References
Baker, R. A Primer of Oilwell Drilling: A Basic Text of Oil and Gas Drilling, Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas at Austin, 2001.
Chilinger, G.V. and Vorabutr, P. Drilling and Drilling Fluids. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1981.
Hyne, N.J. Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, 2nd edition, Pennwell Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2001.
Nguyen, J.P. Drilling, Editions Technip, Paris, 1996.

Well-site Geology and Formation Evaluation 3 0 0 6
Duties of a well-site geologist. Geotechnical order. Coring and core analysis. Examination of well cuttings. Preparation of lithologs. Drill time logging, mud logging. Detection of oil and well logging. Preparation of composite logs. Principles of formation testing. Well completion, well acidisation, velocity shooting and fracturing. Concept of formation evaluation and log interpretation. Response of logging tools and borehole effect on log measurements. Logging practices, log quality control and environmental correction on well log measurements. Lithology plots. Saturation, irreducible saturation and permeability studies from well logs. Shaly sand analysis. Cementing quality monitoring. Constant bottomhole pressure tests. Practical aspects of design and performance of field tests. Analysis of transient pressure data, effects of boundaries, reservoir heterogeneity, multiphase flow. Study of production, DST and formation interval tests. Pulse testing and multiwell tests.
Texts/References Darling, T. Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2005.
Gupta, P.K. and Nandi, P.K. Wellsite Geological Techniques and Formation Evaluation: A User's Manual, Vol. I, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehra Dun, 1995.
Ransom, R.C. Practical Formation Evaluation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
Sahay, B., Rai, A. and Ghosh, M. Wellsite Geological Techniques for Petroleum Exploration, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1984.
Whittaker, A. Mud Logging Handbook, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1991.

Sequence Stratigraphy 3 0 0 6
Historical developments of sequence stratigraphy, key concepts, transgressions and regressions. Sequence stratigraphic surfaces, types of stratal terminations, Systems tract: Lowstand systems tract, Highstand systems tract, Falling stage systems tract, Regressive systems tract. Hierarchy of sequences and sequence boundaries; Sequence stratigraphy of hydrocarbon reservoirs; Applications to source rocks exploration. Application of sequence stratigraphy in clastic and carbonate depositional systems. Case studies showing applicability of sequence stratigraphic concepts for understanding petroleum plays.

Texts/References
Catenuanu, O. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
Emery, D. and Myers, K.J. Sequence Stratigraphy, Blackwell, Oxford, U.K., 1996.
Miall, A.D. The Geology of Stratigraphic Sequences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.
Miall, A.D. Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis, 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000
Payton, C.E., 1977. Seismic Stratigraphy- Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, Memoir of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 26, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Petrophysics 3 0 0 6
Fundamentals of petrophysics. Porosity, permeability, capillary action in porous media, relative permeability, Interaction between petrophysical parameters. Borehole environment. Invasion profiles and invasion characteristics. Hydrocarbon mobility. Acquisition of petrophysical data. Data quality assurance. Presentation of petrophysical data. Measurement of natural gamma rays. Formation waters, Importance of formation water characteristics. The SP curve. Well-site log evaluation. Formation resistivities. Shallow and deep resistively measuring devices. Fluid zones and capillary pressure, capillary pressure saturation. Case studies with well log, core analysis and well pressure data.

Texts/References
Amadei, B. Rock Stress and its Measurement, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.
Guegen, Y. and Palciauskas, V. Introduction to Physics of Rocks, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994.
Jaeger, J.C. and Cook, N.G.W. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3rd edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
Tiab, D. and Donaldson, E.C. Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1996.

Petroleum Geostatistics 3 0 0 6
Introduction to applications of geostatistics in petroleum geoscience; Introduction to basic statistics: random variables, univariate and joint probability distributions, expectation, variance, covariance, conditional distribution. Introduction to random functions, stationarity, second-order stationarity, quasi-stationarity, intrinsic random functions, non-stationary random functions coregionalization; covariance and variogram, properties and modeling, concepts of regularization and change of support; estimation: ordinary and simple kriging, cokriging; transfer functions: indicator kriging. Simulation of random functions: non-conditional and conditional simulation, sequential simulation, LU-based simulation, simulated annealing, co-simulation; truncated Gaussian and indicator simulation; introduction to object-based simulation. Application of simulation techniques in petroleum geology: simulation of facies, simulation of reservoir characteristics.

Texts/References
Chiles, J.P. and Delfiner, P. Geostatistics: Modeling Spatial Uncertainity, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
Deutsch, C.V. Geostatistical Reservoir Modelling, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2002.
Duruble, O. Geostatistics in Petroleum Geology, AAPG Cont. Education Course Note Series # 38, 1998.
Goovaerts, P. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Modelling, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1997.
Isaaks, E.A. and Srivastava, R.M. An Introduction to Geostatistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990.
Journel, A.G. and Huijbregts, C. Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press, London, 1978.
Mallet, J.L. Geomodelling, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2002
Yarus, J.M. and Chambers, R.L. (Ed). Stochastic Modelling and Geostatistics, Principles, Methods and Case Studies, AAPG Computer Applications in Geology, No 3, 1994.

Contact address

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076