I am doing the BCA from the Punjab Technical University (PTU). I missed my some classed because of my brother marriage. I am facing some difficulties in the RDBMS so need the notes. Please give the PTU RDBMS notes so I can start studies.

Relational Database Management System is the foundation for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access. A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.

Standardization in RDBMS

In social database administration framework , standardization is an idea in which database is overseen in an approach to lessen duplicay(redundancy).Normalisation includes partitioning of bigger tables into littler tables basically to diminish redundacy.

So five NF (normal structures) were produced for arrangement.

Edgar F Codd created 1 NF ,and he was the main creator of social database .With need other NF developed.But before to examine NF a few terms may you know are as take after:-

Practical reliance: In connection R ,X is a quality which is practically subject to Y.

That is X→Y .

Example:
Student Id Student Sem Lecture Time
101 6 1:00A.M.
101 4 3:00P.M.
101 6 2:00P.M.

Flow Control at Data Link Layer

All in all, controlling the stream of information parcels frame one end to another is called stream control. We require stream control as much as alternate capacities like mistake control and so forth. In any case, the appropriate response still not demonstrated yet. To comprehend that lets take a case of information transmission from sender to recipient without any ERRORS in information. Assume the speed of sending information parcel by sender (comprising equipment and programming) is higher than the speed of accepting it by beneficiary. This may build the odds of dropping the information bundle since number of got information parcels are higher than the quantity of information parcels prepared at recipient. So to control the information dropping, we require stream control.

Why do we require Flow Control?

By utilizing Flow Control, one can without much of a stretch increment the system effectiveness as this is layer 2 (Data connect layer) convention and the fundamental target of layer 2 is to guarantee the end to end information conveyance.

Sorts of Flow Control at Data Link Layer

To control the stream of information Feedback based stream control are utilized that are portrayed beneath:

Stop and hold up

without any mistakes

with blunders

Sliding window convention

One Bit Sliding Window Protocol

Backpedal N

Specific Repeat