Here I am looking for the syllabus of M.Sc Biochemistry course offered at - Mahatma Gandhi University, can you please provide me the same???

BC3 MOO3 PP3- PRACTICAL
LABORATORY COURSE III


1. Estimation of proteins from plant or animal sources.
Total protein by biuret method, Lowry method
Albumin by Bradford method, BCG method
Total liver protein by Lowry and Biuret method
2. Estimation of carbohydrates from plant or animal sources
Glucose, lactose, glycogen by OT method, Folin-wu method, anthrone method, phenol sulphuric acid method
3. Estimation of lipids from plant or animal sources.
Cholesterol by Zaks method,
Triglycerides by Van Handel and Zilversmit method
Phospholipids by Zilversmit and Davis
4. Determination of enzymatic activity in biological tissues- serum, plasma, liver, plant extracts, etc(Any five)
Alanine transaminase (GPT)
Aspartate transaminase(GOT)
Lactate dehydrogenase
β hexosaminidase
Amylase
Trypsin
Urease

5. Enzyme kinetics (Any four)
Effect of substrate concentration on enzymatic activity
Effect of pH on enzymatic activity
Effect of enzyme concentration on enzymatic activity
Effect of temperature on velocity of enzyme catalysed reaction
Determination of Q 10
Effect of activators on velocity of enzyme catalysed reaction
Determination of type of inhibition using line weaver Burk plot-.
6. Extraction of enzymes and assay
1 Acid phosphatase from fresh potato.
( Solonumtuberosum)
2 β amylase from sweet potato.
( Ipomoeabatates)
3 Urease from Jackbean
( Canavalia ensiformis)
4 Phytase from seeds.

7. Extraction, Isolation and analysis of phytopharmaceuticals;
1. Different extraction protocols:-
Infusion ,Decoction, Maceration, Soxhlet- extraction.
2. Extraction of High molecular weight carbohydrates
3. Extraction of total alkaloids
4. Estimation of total phenols.
5. Estimation of Flavanols.
8. Extraction and assay of Enzymes
1. polyphenol oxidase
2. Peroxidase
3. Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase

REFERENCES
1. Introductory practical Biochemistry SK Sawhnefy and Randhir Singh (eds)
Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7319-302-9 P, 195-303
2. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis, S.K. Thimmaiah (ed), Kalayani
Publishers, Ludhiana ISBN 81-7663-067-5, p 12-18.
3. Hawks physiological Chemistry, Bernad L. Oscer (ed) TATA MC GRAW
Hill publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.
4. Experimental Biochemistry: A student Companion Beedu Sasidhar Rao &
Vijay Deshpande (ed), I.K International Pvt Ltd, New Delhi ISBN 81-
88237- 41-8.
5. Practical Biochemistry, R.C Gupta and S. Bharghava (eds) CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi, ISBN/81-239-0124-0
6. Practical Clinical Chemistry, Harold Varley, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
7. Enzymes Assays, Jeans-Louis Reymond (ed) Wiley- Vch Publishers,
Germany, ISBN-13; 978-3-527-31095-1ISBN-10: 978-3-527-31095-9
8. Practical Enzymology, H. Bisswanger (ed)ISBN:3-527-30444-4
9. Medical Biochemistry- Principles and Experiments, John F Van Pilsum and
Robert J Roon(eds) University of Minnesota press, Minneapolis ISBN
o-8166-1344-3.
10. Biotechnology Procedures and Experiments handbook, S. Harisha (ed) Infinity science Press LLC, New Delhi ISBN: 978-1-934015-11-7.

SEMESTER IV

BC 4 MOO4 PEI-Elective
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I
Automation in the clinical biochemistry: Precision, reliability, reproducibility and other factors in quality control. Normal values in health and diseases, radio isotopes in diagnosis; Specimen collection and processing (blood, urine and feaces); Storage of specimens; Quality control; Pre-analytical, analytical post analytical variables in quality analysis.

UNIT II
Kidney, liver and gastric function tests-Renal function tests,osmolarity and free water clearances, acute and chronic renal failure,Liver function tests : clinical features and test based on excretory functions, metabolic capacity of liver, synthetic functions of liver, serum enzymes.Gastric function tests: collection of gastric contents, examination of gastric residium, FTM, stimulation tests, tubeless gastric analysis.

UNIT III
Disorders of metabolism : Carbohydrate metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, insulin receptors and C-peptide, assay of insulin, proinsulin and insulin antibodies. Hemoglobin AIC, fructosamines, insulin tolerance test, Glycogen storage diseases, galactosemia ,fructosuria, pentosuria; plasma lipids and lipoprotein abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia- lipidosis and hypolipoproteinemias, Taysachs and Niemann Picks diseases. Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism-hypo and hyperuricemia, gout; Disorders of erythrocyte metabolism- hemoglobinopathies, thalassemias and anemias

UNIT IV
Inherited disorders of metabolism: Newborn screening: PKU, tyrosinemia, aminoacidurias, organic acidurias, porphyrias. Biochemical monitoring of therapy; prenatal diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism, amniotic fluid and fetal blood examination; Acetylcholinesterase and other tests on amniotic fluid; chromosomal abnormalities by cytogenetics

UNIT V
Molecular diagnosis of genetic defects: Diagnosis of genetic diseases by molecular biology techniques (cystic fibrosis,Hemachromatosis, thalassemias, sickle cell diseases) DNA probes; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); amplification of mRNA. AIDS,Clinical diagnosis. Oncogenic enzymology: acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase. Body fluid constituents of use in oncology

REFERENCES
1. Notes on Clinical Biochemistry by John K. Candlish (1992) publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company ISBN: 9810210663 ISBN-13: 9789810210663, 978-9810210663
2. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic And Clinical Aspects by William J. Marshall, Stephan K. Bangert, Elizabeth S.M. Ed. S.M (ed) Marshall (2008) Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science Div ISBN: 0443101868 ISBN-13: 9780443101861, 978-0443101861
3. Biochemistry by John K. Joseph (2006) Publisher: Campus Books International ISBN: 8180301109 ISBN -13: 9788180301100, 978-8180301100
4. Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach by Dawn B PH.D. Marks, Allam D. Marks colleen M. Smith (1996) Publisher; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; illustrated edition ISBN -10: 068305595X ISBN-13: 978-0683055955
5. Clinical Chemistry, 6/e Ie by William J Marshall, Stephen K Bangert(2008) Publisher: Else ISBN: 0723434603, ISBN-13:978-0723434603
6. Tictz fundamental of clinical Chemistry, 6/e by Carl A Burits, Edward R Ashwood (2008) publisher: Else ISBN: 8131213749, ISBN-13: 9788131213742,978-8131213742

BC4MOO4PE2-Elective
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Unit 1: Basic Concepts Of Ecology and Environment

Atmosphere; Hydrosphere; Lithosphere- Principles and Concepts of ecosystem- Structure of ecosystem- cybernetics and Homeostasis- Energy transfer in an ecosystem-Food chain. Food web-Ecological efficiencies- Trophic structure and energy pyramids- Principles Pertaining to limiting factors; Biogeochemical cycles(N, C, P cycles)

Biodiversity: Types of diversity; Genetic diversity,Species diversity and Ecosystem diversity-Morphological and molecular characterization of biodiversity-Molecular taxonomy Methods of biodiversity conservation- Gene banks; Cryopreservation- Assessing, analyzing and documenting biodiversity Vulnerability and extinction of biodiversity- Introduction to biodiversity database: endangered animals, endemism and Red data books- Global biodiversity information system.

UNIT II: Chemistry of Environment

Properties of water- water quality parameters- pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO),Chemical Oxygen demand (COD); Biological Oxygen demand(BOD); Atmospheric toxicants- CO, NO2, CO2, SO2-; Toxic heavy metals- Radionuclides -Sampling of air and water pollutants-Monitoring techniques and methodology; Chemistry of soil: Formation; Constituents and properties of soils; Composition and type of soil; Chemical factors affecting the soil quality; Adsorption of contaminants in soil.

Organic chemicals in the environment; Aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon decay, environmental effects); Soaps and surfactants (cationic, anionic and nonionic detergents, modified detergents); Pesticide residue classification, degradation, analysis, pollution due to pesticides; phenols and petrochemicals

UNIT III: Treatment Technologies for Polluted Environment
Biosensors- types and applications in environmental pollution detection and monitoring, Traditional Biological treatment: stabilization pond, aerated lagoon, activated sludge process trickling filter anaerobic treatment

Environment-friendly use of microbes (bacteria and fungi) in biodegradation and Biotransformation: Bioremediation In situ and Ex situ bioremediation; Constrains and priorities of bioremediation; Evaluating Bioremediation; Bioremediation of VOCs; Biodegradation- Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in determining biodegradability. Microbial transformation; Accumulation and concenteration of metals; Biosorption- Oil field microbiology; Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills- Use of plants in biodegradation and environment cleaning- phytoremediation. Xenobiotics; Persistence and biomagnifications of Xenobiotic molecules; Microbial interactions with xenobiotics; Phase I and Phase II reactions; Cyt P 450 mediated reactions- Terratogens and Carcinogens: Assesment of toxicity; Assessment of environmental risks.

UNIT IV : Technology for Sustainable Agriculture

Biodegradation of agricultural chemicals; GM Crops and their impact on environment;Biological nitrogen fixation; Phosphate solubilization; Biofertilizers; Biological control of insect pests; Role of biopesticides/ insecticides; Biocontrol of plant pathogens; Integrated pest management-practical implementation

Unit V: Technology for Resource Management and Environment
Policies

Role of biotechnology in management of resources- Reclamation of wasteland: Biomass production: Biogas and biofuel production ; Development of environment-friendly processes such as integrated waste management
Nature of Environmental Policies; International Agreements and Treaties:Stockholm Conference (1972); Rio Conference (UNCED) (1992); Merits of the Conference (Agenda 21): Failures of the Conference Johnesburg treaty; GAAT and Environment; CITES; Montreal protocol National Policy on Environment, Constitutional provisions for Environmental Protection, National Environmental Legislation related to water, air, mining. National Legislation on Forest, Wildlife

Reference:
1. Fundamentals of Ecology- E.P Odum
2. Applied and Environmental microbiology- Amann, R.I. Stromely .J. Stahl
3. Environmental chemistry, B.K.Sharma
4. Chemicals in the environment, Y. Mido& M. Satake
5. Text book of Environmental Chemistry-O.D. Tyagi and M.Mehra.
6. Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Crueger and Crueger
7. Environmental, Biotechnology: Principals and Applications, 2nd Edition Brace Rittman, Perry L. Mc Carty.
8. Biodegration and Bioremediation, 2nd Edition Martin Alexander.
9. An Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology-Milton Wainwright.
10. Physiology and Biochemistry of metal Toxicity and tolerance in plants-M.N.V. Prasad Kazimierz strzalka,
11. Environmental Laws in India-Pares Distn.

BC4MOO4-ELECTIVE
NUTRITION HEALTH AND LIFE STYLE DISEASES

Unit-I
An overview of nutrition, food choices, the nutrients, Nutrition assessment, diet and health, planning a healthy diet, digestion absorption and transport of food, regulation of digestion and absorption The carbodydrates, sugars, Starch and fibers, Glucose in the body, Health effects and recommended intakes of sugars, starch and fibers.Alternatives to sugar, lipids in the body, Recommended intake of lipids. Alternative to fat. Proteins-energy malnutrition, Health effects of protein,Vegetarian diets

Unit II
Energy balance and body composition, The Kcalories of foods provide, body weight, body composition and health, weight, management, overweight-and underweight, Causes of obesity, Treatments of obesity.
An overview of Vitamins, water and major minerals, Trace minerals Antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals in disease prevention. Calcium roles in the body, calcium deficiency.Iron deficiency, Iron toxicity, Osteoporosis and calcium, Zinc deficiency, zinc toxicity, Functional foods.

Unit-III
Life Cycle nutrition, pregnancy and lactation, Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal health, Practices incompatible with pregnancy, Fetal alcohol syndrome, Nutrition in infancy, childhood Nutrition and adolescence The early development of chronic diseases, Nutrition in adulthood and later years. Illness and nutrition status, Nutrition Medications and complementary therapies Nutrition intervention

Unit-IV
Nutrition and disorders of the gastro intestinal tract, parenteral nutrition . Nutrition in Severe stress, Nutrition and diabetes mellitus, Complication of diabetes mellitus, Treatment of diabetes, Medical Nutrition therapy for diabetes, Mastering diabetes control. Nutrition and disorders of the heart blood vessels and lungs. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, prevention and treatment of heart disease, Diet strategies, Drug therapy, Actute respiratory failure, The metabolic syndrome.

Unit V
Nutrition and Renal disease, kidney stones and treatment, the nephrotic syndrome, Renal failure, kidney transplants and diet, Dialysis and Nutrition, Nutrition and liver disorders, Fatty liver and hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Gall stones, Nutrition, cancer and HIV infection , How cancer develops, Consequence of cancer, Treatment for cancer, Medical Nutrition therapy. How HIV develops, Consequences of HIV infection.Medical Nutrition Therapy.Ethical issues in Nutrition care

REFERENCES
1. Understanding normal and Clinical nutrition, Whitney, Cataldo of holfes Sixth edition
2. Nutritional Biochemistry- Tom Brody.
3. A text Book of Medical Biochemistry- M.N Chatterje and R. Shindea, Jaypeepub.
4. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry- R.K murray, D.kGarnnes. And V.V Rodwell,McGraw Hill.
5. Medical Physiology- A.C. Guyton and J.E Hall, Saunders pub.
6. Human Physiology. C.C. Chatterjee, medical and Allied Agency
7. Nutritional Biochemistry- Swaminathan
8. Life span nutrition- Conception through life- S.R Rolfes, LK De Bruyne and E.N Whitney.
9. Normal and Therapeutic nutrition CH Robinson and MR Lawler.


BC4 MOO4 PP4- Practical 4
LABORATORY COURSE IV

Clinical Biochemistry Experiments
1. Liver function tests
Estimation of total proteins in serum
Estimation of serum albumin by BCG method
Estimation of albumin globulin ratio in Serum
Estimation of serum bilirubin
Assay of SGOT& SGPT-DNPH method
Assay of alkaline phosphatase-King &Amstrong method

2. Renal Function tests
Estimation of blood urea by diacetyl monoxime method
Urea clearance test
Estimation of creatinine by Jaff ‘s method
Creatinine clearance test
Estimation of uric acid-caraway method
Estimation of plasma bicarbonate
3. Glucose tolerance test
4. Fructose tolerance test
5. Analysis of normal and abnormal urine.
6. Check the reliability of various methods using Levy Jenning plot



REFFERENCES
1. Introductory Practical biochemistry, S.K sawhney&Randhir Singh (eds) Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7319-302-9, p 195-303
2. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis, S.K Thimmaiah (ed), Kalayani Publishers, Ludhiana ISBN 81-7663-067-5,
p12-18
3. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student companion, BeeduSasidharRao& Vijay Deshpande (ed), I.K International Pvt. LTD, New Delhi ISBN 81-88237-41-8, p 13-17, p 49-72
4. Practical Biochemistry, R.C Gupta &Bhargava (eds) CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi, ISBN 81-239-0124-0
p 9-27
5. Practical Clinical Chemistry, Harold Varley, CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi.
6. Gradwhols Clinical Laboratory Techniques. Stanley & Raphael. W.E. company, London, UK

BC4MOO4PE4-ELECTIVE. (1)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IPR AND BIOETHICS


Unit-I : Science and Research definition history- evolution of Scientific Inquiry Verification Versus falsification- objectivity Facts, Theory and concepts- epistemology
Goals of Research Characteristics and purpose of research, essential qualities of a researcher- Scientific temperament and attitude
Methods of research- Scientific method verus arbitary method, requisites for Scientific methods Logical Scientific methods, patterns of defective inductive logical process, Different type of inductive logical deductive methods- methods of casual connections, method of difference- method of concomitant Variation- Methods of residues- method of agreement- and difference, other logical methods of description and classification- evolutionary methods.

Unit-II
Various types of research:- descriptive analytical- fundamental-applied, qualitative quantitative Conceptual empirical- surveys- longitudinal- cross Sectional Correlation- experimental, quasi experimental, Ex Post facto research- Critical and action oriented research biographical, phenomenological ethnographical, case studies.

Data and Method of data Collection:-
Observations field investigations- direct studies- reports, records or experimental observations, type of data, categorical, nominal or ordinal, Continuous or mixed, primary data, secondary data-limitations and precautions in data collections.

Steps in doing research-Review of literature, primary and secondary sources, National institutions useful in search of literature NISCAIR- Library resourses Journals/periodicals-reviews- abstracts treatise monographs searching of web resources- electronic databases-critical review of literature identification of research gaps-Defining or selection or identification of a research topic or problem-formulation of a hypothesis, significance of hypothesis ,types of hypothesis relevance and assumptions in research, developing of a research plan-execution of research work-exploration-description-diagnosis experimentation-meaning and nature of experimental research, treatments-variation and variables-Simple populations. General laboratory etiquette rules and regulations, safety measures.

Unit III
Scientific writing and presentation of scientific data. Research proposals, Research reports, Dissertation or thesis, style of scientific writing, structure and language, Title rules ,preparation of Abstracts-Introduction rules, rules for presenting materials and methods-rules for presenting results concept of discussion-method of conclusion concept of acknowledgement . Reference styles-presentation of tables and figures. Matrix of rows and columns representing variables, figures-visual organization of data/observations-pictures, pie charts, bar charts, flow charts, organizational charts, cartogram charts, Gantt charts, scatter plot charts, symbols and legends, photographs and micrographs-peer review-editing the final drafts ,manuscript submission. Presentation tool, features and functions ,creating presentation, customizing presentation, showing presentation, oral and poster presentation Microsoft power point and pdf slides, open office or similar tool.

Unit IV
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) objectives of the patent system, basic principles and general requirements of patent law, legal, development, patentable subjects and protection in biotechnology, international convention for the protection of new varieties Strasbourg convention, UPOV Convention.
The patentability of micro organisms-claims, Characterization and repeatability disposition in the culture collections, legal protection for plants and other higher organisms, new plant varieties by rights, tissue culture protocols, transfer of technology, patentability of inanimate products of nature vectors, FDA, FPA, Patent office practice, trade secrets, copy right infringement problems, harmonization of patent law.IPR and plant genetic resources

Unit V
Bioethics-Bioethical issues- bio-safety environmental impacts, ecological ethics, rights of future generations-issues of commercialization-intellectual property rights- problems related to trade of biological items-ethics in publications-plagiarism

REFERENCES
1. Panneerselvam R (2004) Research Methodology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Jerrord HZ (1999) Biostatistical analysis, Prentice Hall International, London
3. ImreLakatos (1970) Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programme. In ImreLakatos and Alan Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press
4. Wayne C booth, Gregory G Colomb, and Joseph M Williams (1995). The Craft of Research , Chicago University of Chicago Press.
5. Dina A. Zinnes (1980) Three Puzzles in Search of a Researcher, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 24 (September), pp 315-342
6. Catherine Marshall and Gretchen B. Rossman (1989). Designing Qualitative Resaerch Newbury Park, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications
7. Montgomery, Douglas C. (2007), Design and Analysis of Experiments, Wiley India.
8. Carlos CM (2000). Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing countries; The TRIPS agreement and policy options, Zed Books, New York
9. Day RA (1992) How to write and publish a scientific paper, Cambridge University Press, London
10. Golafshani N (December 2003) Understanding realiability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4) 597-607.
11. Leedy PD and Ormrod JE (2004)Practical Research: Planning and design, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi
12. Anthony M, Graziano AM and Raulin ML (2009) Research Methods: A process of Inquiry, Allyn and Bacon
13. Bordens K and Abbott B (2005) Research designs and methods: A process approaches (6thEd). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN: 978-0-0728-8764-8

BC4 MOO4 PE5- ELECTIVE
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL CULTURE

Unit I
Animal Cell Culture : Historical Background, Importance and progress in Animal Cell Culture Technology, Biology of Animal Cell; Cellular interactions,
Laboratory setup and equipments, aseptic technique, different cell culture media and supplements, Importance of Serum and Serum Free Media, preparation and sterilization of cell culture media and supplements
Conventional plant breeding, tissue culture as a technique to produce novel plants and hybrids, tissue culture media (composition and preparation), Sterilization and agents of sterilization, initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension cultures, single cell clones . organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis. Transfer and establishment of whole plants in soil. Shoot tip culture, rapid clonal propagation and production of virus free plants, embryo culture and embryo rescue.

Unit II
Different tissue culture techniques; Disaggregation of tissue and primary culture; Types of primary culture; Chicken embryo fibroblast culture; Chicken liver and kidney culture; Secondary culture; Trypsinization; Cell separation ; Continuous cell lines; Passaging number; Anchorage and Anchorage independent cells and cultures; Suspension culture; Organ culture and Histotypic cultures: tissue specific stem cells; embryonic hematopoietic and neural stem cells, classification and sources.

Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; Selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants; Symmetric and asymmetric hybrids, cybrids, anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and homozygouslines. Somaclonal variation.In vitro mutation-sexual incompatibility and male sterility; Cryopreservation; Slow growth cultures and DNA banking for germplasm conservation.

Unit III
Division, growth forms, measurement of viability and cytotoxicity; characterization of cultured cell; cell cloning and selection; Cell synchronization; Transfection and transformation of cell; Maintenance of cell lines; cryopreservation and germplasm storage; Common cell culture contaminants.Plant transformation technology- Basis of tumor formation; Hairy root; Features of Ti and Ri plasmids; Mechanism of DNA transfer; Role of virulence genes; Use of Ti and Ri as Vectors; Binary vectors; use of scaffold attachment regions; Methods of nuclear transformation; viral vectors and their applications; multiple gene transfer; vector less or direct DNA transfer Particle bombardment, eletroporation, micro injection; Transformation of monocots; Transgene stability and gene silencing.

Unit IV
Commercial scale production of animal cells, stem cells &their application; Over view of embryonic and adult stem cells for therapy; Neuro degenerative disease; Parkinsons, Alzheimer, Spinal cord injuries and other brain syndromes; Tissue system failures; Diabetes; Cardiomyopathy; Kideney failure; Liver failure, Cancer, Hemophilia, Application of animal cell culture for invitro testing of drugs and testing of toxicity of environmental pollutants; Application of cell culture technology in production of human and animal vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins; Hybridoma technology and its application; three dimensional culture and tissue engineering.

Unit V
Cell culture reactors; Scale up in suspension; Mixing and aeration; Roating chambers; perfused suspension cultures; Fluidized bed reactors for suspension culture; scale up in monolayers; Multi surface propagators; Multiarray disks, spirals and tubes; Roller culture; Micro carries; Perfuse monolayer cultures; Membrane perfusion; Hollow fiber perfusion; Matrix perfusion; Immobilized cell culture.

REFERENCES
1. Freshney, culture of Animal cell, 5th edition
2. Ed. John R.W Masters Animal cell culture-Practical approach 3rd edition, Oxford university press-2000
3. In vitro cultivation of Animal cells. Elsevier India PVT LTD-17-A/1 Main Ring Road, New Delhi-110024
4. R. Sasidhara, Animal Biotechnology MJP publishers-Chennai.
5. Plant biotechnology-J Hammond, et.al; Springer Verlag.
6. Biotechnology in crop improvement H S chawla.
7. Practical application of plant molecular biology-R J Henry, Chapman&Hall.
8. Elements of biotechnology; P K Gupta
9. An introduction to plant tissue culture-M K Razdam.
10. Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants (Vols.1to3)-A K Vasil, A,Press.
11. Principles of plant biotechnology: An introuduction to genetic engineering in plants SH Mantell,etal
12. Advances in biochemical engineering/ Biotechnology-Anderson, et.al.
13. Plant cell and tissue culture-S Narayanswamy, Tata Mc

BC4 MOO4PE6 Elective
BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY

Number of Hours / week: 5 Credit: 4
Unit I:
Fundamentals of Toxicology and dose-Response Relationships: Introduction Biomarkers Criteria of Toxicity New Technologies Evaluation of Toxicity Interactions; Dose Response; Measurement of Dose-Response; Relationships Linear Dose Response Hormesis; Hazard and Risk Assessment Duration and Frequency of Exposure and Effect

Unit II:
Factors Affecting Toxic Responses: Disposition : Absorption ,Sites of absorption, distribution, Excretion; Metabolism: types of Metabolic change phase I reactions; Phase 2 reactions; control of Metabolism, Toxication vs. Detoxication

Unit III:
Toxicity testing; Test protocol, Genetic toxicity testing & Mutagenesis assay: In vitro test systems: bacterial mutation tests-Reversion test,Ames test, Fluctuation test, and Eukaryotic mutation test. In vivo test system Mammalian mutation test-Host mediated assay and Dominant Lethal test. Biochemical basis of toxicity: Mechanism of toxicity: Disturbance of excitable membrane function, Altered Calcium homeostasis, Covalent binding to cellular macromolecules&genotoxicity, Tissue specific toxicity

Unit IV:
Toxic Responses to Foreign Compounds: Direct Toxic Action: Tissue Lesions; Mechanism and response in cellular toxicity, pharmacological, physiological and Biochemical effects; Developmental Toxicology-Teratogenesis; Immunotoxicity Genetic Toxicity; Chemical Carcinogenesis

Unit V:
Biochemical Mechanisms of Toxicity:Tissue Lesions: Liver Necrosis; kidney Damage; Lung Damage, Liver damage, Cardiac damage; Neurotoxicity; Exaggerated and Unwanted pharmacological effects; Physiological effects; Biochemical Effects: Lethal Synthesis and Incorporation, Interaction with specific Protein Receptors; Teratogenesis; Immunotoxicity; multi-Organ Toxicity

REFERENCE
1. Principles Of Toxicology by: Karen E Stine, Thomas M Brown 2006 Publisher. Crc Press ISBN: 084932856X ISBN: -13: 9780849328565,978-0849328565
2. Principles of Biochemical Toxicology by John A. Timbrell Publisher: Informa Healthcare ISBN: 0849373026 ISBN-13: 9780849373022, 978-0849373022
3. Environmental Toxicology by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski, (2002) Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0195148118 ISBN-13: 9780195148114, 9780195148114

Address:
Mahatma Gandhi University
Athirampuzha Medical College Road, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Athirampuzha, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 ‎
0481 273 1050 ‎

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