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Tamil Nadu Agriculture University (TNAU) B.SC AG Nematology Notes

Lecture 01 - Introduction
Nematology is an important branch of biological science, which deals with a complex, diverse group of round worms known as Nematodes that occur worldwide in essentially all environments. Nematodes are also known as eelworms in Europe, nemas in the United States and round worms by zoologists. Many species are important parasites of plants and animals, whereas others are beneficial to agriculture and the environment. Nematodes that are parasites of man and animals are called helminthes and the study is known as Helminthology. The plant parasitic forms are called nematodes and the study is known as Plant Nematology. The name nematode was derived from Greek words nema (thread) and oides (resembling).
Annual crop losses due to these obligate parasites have been estimated to be about $ 78 billion wordwide and $ 8 billion for U.S. growers. The estimated annual crop loss in Tamil
Nadu is around Rs. 200 crores.

The soils in a hectare of all agro ecosystem typically contain billions of plant parasitic as well as beneficial nematodes. The damage to plants caused by nematodes is often overlooked because the associated symptoms, including slow growth, stunting and yellowing, can also be attributed to nutritional and water related disorders

History of Plant Nematology
In light of the high population numbers of nematodes. N.A. Cobb (1915) who is considered to be the father of American Nematology, provided a dramatic description of the abundance of nematodes. He stated, “If all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world still would be dimly recognizable we would find is mountaintops, valleys,
rivers, lakes and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The statement “ sowed cockle,
reaped no corn” in Shakespeare’2 “Love’s Labour’s List”’ act4, scene 3, as suggested by Throne (1961) possibly the first record of plant parasitic nematodes in 1549. The nematode that Throne suspected to be in that reference actually was described by Needham in 1743. Subsequently, discovery of microscope and developments in various disciplines of science led to the discovery of plant parasitic nematodes and the disease caused by them. Some of the important milestones on the history of plant nematology are listed below in chronological order

1743 – Needham – Discovery of wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici, the first plant parasitic nematode to come to the attention of the early investigators.

1855 - Berkeley – Determination of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. To cause root galls on cucumber plants in greenhouse in England.

1857 - Kuhn – Reported the stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci infesting the heads of teasel.

1859 - Schacht - Report of sugarbeet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii from Germany.

1873 - Butschli – Descriptions of the morphology of free –living nematodes.

1884 - deMan – Taxonomic monograph of soil and fresh water nematodes of the Netherlands.

1889 – Atkinson and Neal – Publication about the root-knot nematodes in the United States.

1892 – Atkinson-Report of root-knot nematode and Fusarium complex in vascular wilt of cotton.

1907 - N.A.Cobb – joined the USDA and considered to be the Father of American Nematology

1914 – N.A.Cobb – Contributions to the Science of Nematology.

1918 – N.A. Cobb – Development of methods and apparatus used in Nematology.

1933 – T. Goodey – Book on “Plant parasitic nematodes and the diseases they cause”

1934 – Filipjev – Book on “Nematodes that are importance for Agriculture” translated from Russian to English in 1941 by S.Stekhovan uner the title “A Manual of Agricultural Helminthology”.

1943 – Carter-Description of nematicidal value of D-D which is used in the era of soil fumigation.

1945 – Christie – Description of the nematicidal value of EDB.

1948 – Allen – Taught the World’s first formal university course in Nematology at the University of California, Berkeley.

1950 – Oostenbrink – Wrote a Book of on “The Potato Nematode, A dangerous parasite to Potato Monoculture”.

1951 – Christie and Perry – Role of ectoparasites as plant pathogens. T.Goodey – Wrote a book on “Soil and fresh water nematodes”. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations organized the first International Nematology course and Symposiumheld at Rothamstead Experiment Station, England.

1955 – European Society of Nematologists founded.

1956 – Nematologica – The first journal published entirely for Nematology papers from The Netherlands.

1961 – Society of Nematologists founded in the United States.

1967 – Organization of Tropical American Nematologists founded.

1969 – Journal of Nematology was first published by the Society of Nematologists, USA.

1973 – Nematologa Mediterranea – published from Italy.

1978 – Revue de Nematologie published from France


Tamil Nadu Agriculture University (TNAU) B.SC AG Nematology Notes